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The value of fossils: Brachiopoda.

The brachiopods are often confused by inexperienced eyes to bivalve mollusks, a group that despite its apparent similarity just no link sharing, because their origin and biology are widely disparate. Brachiopods are the righteous protagonists of this new episode of "The value of the fossils" that with this as much as four deliveries.
The Brachiopoda of the brachiopods or Animal Filo is lophotrochozoan (Lophotrochozoa) characterized by having a shell made of two movable blades. Unlike those bivalves, with which they are often confused and have two lateral leaflets more or less symmetrical, the brachiopods are endowed an upper and a lower shell, both clearly different in shape and size. Also the internal anatomy of brachiopods is property, the shell biomineralized, often anchored to the solid substrate by a muscular stalk and buried in galleries dug in the sand in less frequent cases, is held and moved by muscle groups adductors and abductors, enclosing inside the coelom, the central septum, a digestive system often devoid of open sewage and a rudimentary heart and other organs, all covered by a thick mantle. This interesting Filo
made its appearance in the early Cambrian period, for about five hundred and eighty million years, starting from the lophotrochozoan primitive early member of a long evolutionary lineage already had a double shell mineral, which decreased and even disappeared in some adaptive line immediately following, which was extinguished relatively quickly. However, had not completed the Cambrian period when brachiopods had diversified into the three major Superclasses that still remain: The Superclasses Linguliformea \u200b\u200band Craniformea, more primitive constitution, hold the valves together and moved only by the strength of your muscles, while members of the superclass Rhynchonelliformea \u200b\u200bhad a hinge at the rear end of the valves, made by a group of hinges embedded in their respective support holes, the latter also undergo a holometabolous development and lack of sewer, something that sets them apart from their relatives are not metamorphic. At present, only three are still hundreds of brachiopods in shallow aquatic environments, representing a clear edge in decline, but in the past, perhaps half a million of taxa inhabited our planet, the limes have been described more than twelve thousand.
The first example I present inhabited the shallow waters that covered the territory now occupied by Southern Europe during the Devonian period, between three sixty-four hundred and fifteen million years. This particular piece comes from the layers of Ciudad Real, which is very abundant, I mean a Rhynchonelliformea \u200b\u200bcalled Spirifer .

Spirifer sp.

the same superclass is Pygope Gender, which is rated Family Pygopidae, classified in the Superfamily Dyscolioidea which belongs to the Order and Suborder Terebratulida Terebratulidina. They girdle the species of this genus widely distributed, which are Pygope aspasia, Pygope catulloi, Pygope diphya, Pygope diphyoides Pygope and janitor.

Pygope sp.

Rhynchonellida , which is the next example of brachiopods that I offer, is a genus very prolific in their species diversity and above all very persistent over time because despite its early appearance in the period Ordovician, about four hundred fifty million years, survives even today in the form of several species, some of them quite popular in cuisine.

Rhynchonellida sp., Lower Jurassic.

Ultimately, I would like to display a well-known species in the Iberian Peninsula, in fact is present in much of Asia, Europe, North America, South America and New Zealand, its nomenclature is Spiriferina Alpine and is a member of the Order Spiriferida, particular is located in the Suborder Spiriferinidina, Family Spiriferinidae, one of the best-known family groups Spiriferinoidea Superfamily. The fossil comes from the Middle Jurassic of Teruel, Spain.

Spiriferina Alpine.

Undoubtedly, the brachiopods are a biological group still little known for science, it may be because much of its troops are already part of the fossil record.
In future dates, the fossil record of other beings in the Mirror of Science.

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A small change with a big impact.

If only a few faint geological events have been able to cause both immediate and radical change in ocean currents, climate and biological dibersidad around the globe, is probably the formation of the Isthmus of Panama The most surprising to intuition for its peculiar development.
The Miocene geological period had been a dry and cold, the appearance of the Antarctic ice sheet at the end of the Eocene and climate change consequential decimated marine and terrestrial biodiversity was his lasting mark on the global climate during the Oligocene and Miocene own. The plains and deserts were the dominant terrestrial ecosystems, where large mammals and birds had had a considerable amount of time to adapt and diversify, the two American continents, the North and South, remained separated by the Strait of Panama of which circulate freely through the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Central Mighty exercised its thermoregulatory role in maintaining stable moving global ocean currents.
Only five million years ago, started the period Pliocene, a brutal tectonic plate Cocos sank beneath the Caribbean plate nearby, generating numerous earthquakes and tsunamis of great magnitude. The collapse of the subduction zone inevitably led to a frantic volcanic activity in the strait, where abundant eruptive cones archipelago formed a tight line between the two continents, partially blocking the ocean currents that eventually ended up closing the inter-spaces due to gradual accumulation of sediments. He was born on the Isthmus of Panama, and the world was never the same. With the narrow Panamanian
closed, recirculating currents of the Pacific Ocean towards This and end up bypassing the South American continent, interacting with the cold Antarctic waters. Across the Isthmus, the current Caribbean was diverted to find their usual pace truncated, leading the warm surface waters to the coast of Europe, crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The effect on the northern polar waters was not delayed, the more evaporation from the tropical waters on their way to North European notables induced precipitation increased disproportionately in the course of a few thousand years, resulting in a persistent cold polar atmosphere snowfall that lasted for much of the year, thus leading to an incipient polar cap, which was soon enlarged to cool the region, a result of increased refraction of sunlight on the white ice. The low salinity agglomerated ice on the North Sea further accelerated the process, brewing a real ice age. However, the polar cap would be over time a new mechanism for stabilizing the climate and ocean currents by causing the current largest salt water balloon, the great power that favors Thermohaline circulation of marine waters throughout the oceans.

current appearance of the Isthmus of Panama.

Perhaps

on to say that climate change resulting from an event so little noticed in the global assembly was the end for many species that failed to adapt and a new opportunity for the most favored, but at the continental level the consequences of the bridge emerged between the two bodies earth tube equally irreversible sequelae. Many large predators northerners, including highlighting the Felines, invaded the territories of South America, taking the top slot at the top of the food chain to the titanic native flightless bird. Also numerous plant species and phytophagous moved southward expanding populations, although only a few species South American managed to adapt and thrive in the competitive North continent, among those who were successful in expanding boreal predatory birds were cited by his opportunism.
Little things, big consequences.